Lielbritānija un integrācijas procesi Rietumeiropā (1950-1973): vērtējums padomju un mūsdienu krievu historiogrāfijā

Abstract

Rietumeiropas valstis sāka apvienoties dažādās starptautiskās organizācijās drīz vien pēc Otrā pasaules kara. Lielbritānija tajā laikā vēl izjuta savu lielvalsts statusu un nevēlējās iesaistīties šajās organizācijās kā vienkārša dalībvalsts. Kādi bija tie īpašie apstākļi kuri nemudināja Lielbritāniju deleģēt daļu savas suverenitātes Eiropas organizācijām? Šie politiskie veidojumi kuri sāka parādīties 50. gados, bija vairāk nekā starptautiskās organizācijas. Par to sekmīgu darbību liecina prāvais dalībvalstu skaits mūsdienās. Eiropas ekonomiskās sadarbības organizācija (EESO) , Eiropas ogļu un tērauda kopiena (EOTK), Eiropas atomenerģijas apvienība (EIRATOM) un Eiropas ekonomiskā kopiena (EEK jeb Kopējais tirgus) kā arī citas Eiropas struktūras, kas sāka veidoties 1940 gadu beigās un 50. gados, nebija nedz Tautu savienības mantinieces, nedz arī ANO sāncenses. Tās iedvesmoja doma, ka pakļaujot vairāku valstu kopīgās ekonomiskās problēmas pārnacionālam risinājumam-rodas spēcīga, elastīga un efektīva sadarbība. Rietumeiropā tika meklētas atbildes uz divām starpvalstu attiecību problēmām, kuras bija palikušas neatrisinātas pēc Otrā pasaules kara. Viena problēma bija tāda, ka Rietumeiropai bija vajadzīgs milzīgs kapitāls, lai atjaunotu savu rūpniecību un lauksaimniecību. Otrs bija- kā nepieļaut komunisma tālāku virzību uz Rietumiem.

This work is about Soviet and modern russian historiography about England and integration processes in Western Europe from the start of 1950 till 1973. In work the long and difficult way of England to the European structures is shown in the eyes of soviet and modern russian historian eyes. Begin the full member of the European community, the Great Britain had to result the economy in uniform European norms. The given work consists of three parts. In the first part integration processes in Europe in 50th years are considered and the attitude to them of the British ruling circles. In 1950th Europe integratin processes started- European society of coal and steel (ESCS), European Defensive community (EDC), Euratom etc. The British government in 50th years did not see sense to enter in new structures as in many respects the old colonial system was still kept and communication with Commonwealth were strong. The English leaders emphasized the status of Britain as superpower also did not see sense to enter the European structures on rights of the rank- and- file member. Therefore in 50th years the Great Briatin as a whole kept passively in relation to the European integration. The first part is devoted to a difficult way of the Great Briatin to the European Economic Community. Within 60th years England twice tried to enter this most powerfull European economic organization. But both times for its way rose the president of France S. De Goll and to the British ruling circles was possible to achieve the purpose only 1973 after resignation of the French leader. Long years for England a stumbling- block was desire to receive for itself what that special rights at the introduction into European Economic Community. Only having subordinated the national interests, it is especial in the field of an agriculture, to interests of all European group, England could become a member of this the economic six and thus will join in the European integration process. In the second part activity of the European free trade association (EFTA) in which England is analysed played the leading part. It is connected to that the Makmillans conservative government seeing successes recently created (1957) of the “Commnon market” and feeling fast desintegration of colonial system searched for an output for the English conomy in creation of the European economic group in which England would play not the simple participant, but the leader. So in 1959 it was created EFTA united seven states led by England. In general EFTA has justified hopes of its founder, though in conditions of recession of british economy in second half 60th years EFTA completely could not provide commodity markets for the British goods and make England independent of continental Europe.